Long Tao: Lun Jiang (On Generalship)

King Wu asked Tai Gong:
“What are the criteria for evaluating generals?”

Tai Gong replied:
“A general must embody five virtues and avoid ten flaws.”

King Wu asked:
“What do these entail?”

Tai Gong said:
“The five virtues of a general are:

1. Courage – He cannot be intimidated.

2. Wisdom – He cannot be misled.

3. Benevolence – He cherishes his soldiers.

4. Integrity – He never deceives others.

5. Loyalty – He remains unwavering in devotion.

The ten flaws of a general are:

1. Brave but reckless with life – Provoke him to anger.

2. Impatient and hasty – Exhaust him through prolonged conflict.

3. Greedy for profit – Bribe him with riches.

4. Benevolent to a fault – Harass him into complacency.

5. Wise but timid – Intimidate him with threats.

6. Trusting to naivety – Deceive him with lies.

7. Upright yet cruel – Humiliate him publicly.

8. Strategic but indecisive – Ambush him unexpectedly.

9. Strong-willed and arrogant – Outmaneuver him with cunning.

10. Weak and dependent – Manipulate him with trickery.

War is a matter of vital importance to the state, determining its survival or demise. The fate of the nation rests in the hands of its generals. A general serves as the pillar of the state, revered by rulers across generations. Thus, the appointment of generals demands rigorous scrutiny. Remember: in war, neither side can claim total victory or suffer total defeat. Once an army crosses the border, within ten days, either a kingdom will fall or an army will be crushed, its commanders slain.”

King Wu said:
“Well spoken!”